CLAY MINERALS FORMATION CONDITIONS IN THE UPPER NEOPROTEROZOIC–LOWER CAMBRIAN ROCK SALT OF SALT RANGE FORMATION, PAKISTAN
Keywords:
clay minerals, rock salt, evaporite basin, Neoproterozoic. Salt Range Formation, Pakistan.Abstract
Clay minerals of the Upper Neoproterozoic–Lower Cambrian rock salt of Salt Range Formation of Pakistan have been studied by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, differential thermoanalysis, thermogravimetry and chemical analyses. The goal of our research was to study the formation conditions of clay mineral association of the Upper Neoproterozoic– Lower Cambrian rock salt of Salt Range Formation and to establish the role of factors which accelerated or slowed down clay minerals transformation in evaporite basin. We also aimed to distinguish which factors – general (salinity, brine chemistry) or local (volcanic ash input, elevated content of organic matter) had stronger influence on formation of clay mineral association. The clay minerals association of pelitic fraction of water-insoluble residue of these deposits consists of corrensite, chlorite and illite with the admixture of unordered mixed-layered chlorite–corrensite and chlorite–smectite; in some samples the admixture of smectite occurs. The expandable layers in corrensite are determined as smectite. In studied samples the chlorite, corrensite and mixed-layered species are presented by trioctahedral Mg-rich type and illite is dioctahedral and enriched by Fe; this association of clay minerals is typical for evaporite deposits. The conducted studies showed the presence of organic compound in interlayer intervals of structure of clay minerals. Its presence is evidenced by reflections in the region of low angles (above 1.58 nm) at diffraction patterns of thermally treated preparations. The presence of organic compound explains insufficient content of H2O revealed by chemical analyses and, accordingly, the insignificant mass loss during dehydration at DTA-curves. Studied clay mineral association of rock salt of Salt Range Formation expands limited data about Neoproterozoic clay minerals and the factors ruling their transformations. Studied clay minerals were formed from terrigenous and volcanic material brought to evaporite basin by continental runoff; in hypersaline environment unstable phases were transformed to stable minerals. In evaporite basin the elevated salinity of brines causes decrease of number of clay mineral species; in the brines originated from SO4-rich seawater the clay mineral associations are richer comparing to Ca-rich brines; local factors (volcanic ash input, elevated content of organic matter) also increase the number of clay mineral species. Comparatively rich as for the end of halite stage clay mineral association is due to strong effect of local factors. The peculiarities of clay minerals association, such as elevated Mg content of corrensite and chlorite are typical for clay minerals formed in evaporite basins with brines of SO4-rich type which is in accordance with the determination of SO4-rich seawater type for Neoproterozoic.
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